Return on Investment Ratios

CFA Level 1 - Financial Ratios

1. Return on Assets (ROA)

This ratio measures the operating efficacy of a company without regards to financial structure

                                                                      Formula 7.21

Return on assets = (net income + after-tax cost of interest)                                                    average total assets OR Return on assets = earnings before interest and taxes                                          average total assets Where: Average total assets  = (previously reported total assets + current total assets)                                           2

2. Return on Common Equity (ROCE)
This ratio measures the return accruing to common stockholders and excludes preferred stockholders.

                                                                                 Formula 7.22

Return on common equity = (net income - preferred dividends)              average common equity Where: Average common equity = (previously reported common equity + current common equity)                                             2

3. Return on Total Equity (ROE)
This is a more general form of ROCE and includes preferred stockholders.

                                                                                        Formula 7.23

Return on total equity  = net income/average total equity Where: Average common equity  = (previously reported total stockholders' equity + current total stockholders' equity) / 2

4. Return on Total Capital (ROTC)
Total capital is defined as total stockholder liability and equity. Interest expense is defined as the total interest expense excluding any interest income. This ratio measures the total return the company generates from all sources of financing.

                                                                                         Formula 7.24

Return on total capital  = (net income + interest expense)            average total capital

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